Competition in the global markets

Competition in the orbiculate marketsExecutive SummaryThis report supplys a critical evaluation of the in advance(p) Strategies of the plaques, which they argon adopting in fiat to compete in spherical Environment. Starting with the definition, including creative activity as part of an arranging, the report moves on to treat key methods and applications which ekes the process of change in an organisation. Further, the report highlights the key managerial qualities and parameters like leadership and decision making systems of the organisation which plunk for the happy process of institution. The report in any case contains a brief abbreviation of British Air musical modes investigating the advanced strategies practiced in the organization that determine the train of competition, and consequently, the level of profit in an industry.IntroductionThe organizations worldwide face a number of ch entirelyenges out-of-pocket to the increasing intensity of competition in th e global markets. However what ruff they open fire do is to find out and explore the new ship fannyal of step ahead of their competitors hence upon getting the much-needed knowledge, bottom their theories and strategies in a much more than effective and efficient manner. The natural and external environment of the organisations has undergone rapid and extensive change in pass away three decades. This change adaptation or innovation has been a moot issue, as the researchers want to explore all the dimensions of the phenomenon. conversion is the most kindle technique one must adapt in a championship because it gives the chance to put all new skills to induce. Exposure to innovation alters the way one looks at credit linees. ripe thinking involves a comprehensive analysis of a byplay in relation to its industry, its competitors, and the business environment in both the short- and the long-term. Ultimately, groundbreaking strategy is a smart grades be after to achie ve its goals (Kandampully, 2002 pp. 18-26) forward-looking organization is defined by Baraano as the co-ordinated set of managerial and organisational elements which work together to make believe and reinforce the kind of milieu exhilarating successful technological innovation. (Baraano)Organisational innovation is the process of introducing substantial changes in the mental synthesis and processes of organization. Organisation plays an crucial role in the successful process of Innovation and its implementation, as explained by the OECDOne key element of innovation is organisation. Organisation is essentially a process for the gathering, vigilance and use of information, and for the implementation of decisions based on such information. Such processes urinate a strong intangible dimension, save dispensen together they make up the learning capacity of the home and as such be a central element in innovation capability. These be specific institutional rules of the game w hich regulate affirmable modes of organisation on a broad level. (OECD, 1997 43)In rule to assay successful innovation process it is important to keep the organistaion in ingenuity with the change process. The culture and business values of the organization should also be changed. It is important because in many organizations the technological innovations could non fulfill the expectations of the management because the organizational practices failed to eke the successful adaptation of change.An modern organization must know a clear billing and predetermined military operation objectives in order to save the employees from pursuing their own ends and justifying their actions by claiming of being forward-looking. In order to undertake the process of innovation in controlled and effective way it is important for individually and e genuinely member of the organisation to break clear reason of organisational goals. The employees can be included in the process by providing them with the independence to create and implement divergent techniques to achieve organisational goals. To make the most of the innovation process it is essential that the organisation must provide an explicit pedagogy of goals. The mission statement of an organisation provides the broader perspective of what the organisation is aiming to achieve in future on the other hand the operational goals define the ways the organisation will undertake to achieve these objectives. The operational goals set performance targets in shape of time for the organisation which can also be used as the performance evaluation technique for the organisation. Mission and goals of an organisation sets the direction of innovation.Innovation in isolation has no value. Its the success of innovation in achieving he organisational goals which makes it important. In the same context the success of innovative organisations can lone many(prenominal) be judged by the evaluation of the success of innovation i n achieving the organisational goals.Creating an innovative organization requires a clear understanding of mission and goals so that individual innovations can be examined to see whether and how much they rattling nominate to achieving the organizations purposes. Innovative organizations are not trying to be innovative. Rather, they are trying to achieve purposes.Successful innovations involves a number a pack rather than relying on an individual. It is im practical for an individual to convert an innovative judgment into a functioning innovation without the support of all the people from all the organisational hierarchies. The participation from all levels of organisation makes the innovation possible by qualified the initial psyche into the operational realities and organizational environment. As mentioned by Tidd et al. (1997) that No single element in isolation is likely to be effective, and no single tool or technique however fashionable, will create and sustain an innova tive environment. (Tidd et al., 1997 332)He basic unit Hence it can be said that innovation is a team effort and it should be regarded as a basic unit of performance for most organizations (Katzenbach and metalworker , 1993 27). Teams of mechanics, not individual mechanics, repair and maintain airplanes and sanitation trucks. Teams of social workers, not individual social workers, find jobs for welfare recipients. Teams of people, not individual employees, rattling produce the organizations results.Among the findings of the innovators advantage are several that highlight the ways innovative companies differ from less-innovative companies in dealing with their clients. In creation of compatibility towards the difficult miserliness innovative companies have managed it by the by rethinking process.In reaction to the scotch and market conditions in the past years, Fifty Four percent of really(prenominal) innovative companies, compared with just 29 percent of non-innovative or less innovative companies, have of importly re-evaluated and altered their marketing and sales strategies.Innovative organizations depend, by definition, upon the ideas of everyone from chief executive to frontline worker. Yet if the frontline workers believe that the differences in hierarchical place reflect not only differences in responsibilities but also differences in how their ideas are judged, they will keep these ideas to themselves. No one wants to be told that an idea is silly or to have an idea ignored. So rather than risk of infection embarrassment, frontline workers will simply keep their mouths shut. If the leaders of an organization silence their frontline workers mouths, they also turn off these workers minds. The Organisations has an informal hierarchy. The operational issue is how much these hierarchies ask the behavior of the individuals, particularly those on the lower rungs in the organization. Does the hierarchy hold people from offering suggestions? Does it pr pointt people from recommending solutions? If a team is to work together to solve a problem, everyone must feel free to contribute every member of the team must feel that his or her function will be valued. The members of the team also need a share sense of accountability (Katzenbach and Smith 1993, 32). They will never feel that they are sharing accountability if they perceive major(ip) differences in status. To be innovative is to take responsibility for improving performance. Hierarchical organizations create not only differentials in status but also differentials in responsibility. To create an innovative organization requires making these hierarchical differences as unimportant as possible (Lawler 1988).Innovative companies are more eager to use engine room to sponsor in improving their customer relationship management. There is 31 ratio between the very innovative companies and non-innovative companies who have implemented a customer relationship management system (54 p ercent versus 15 percent), and the more innovative companies have also used the facilities of sales system which is more than twice as likely as non-innovative companies. These systems are very valuable to the innovative companies as they undoubtedly got the true benefits by its use.Procurement becomes evening more complicated for a global leader like British Airways (BA) with 337 aircraft in do and operations in 165 cities in 96 different countries. BAs procurement process had become increasingly complex with global expenditures of approximately US$6.5 billion going to more than 30,000 suppliers globally. BA cerebration that it might be possible to better control this complex process, avoid prices and achieve greater efficiency in their purchasing processes. BA also recognized that eCommerce and electronic procurement (eProcurement) could offer the company significant benefits. BA turned to Accenture to evaluate the situation and help them improve their processes and suppleme nt eProcurement opportunities. Accenture and BA initially identified a potential purchase cost reduction of approximately US$260 million or 5% of their one-year expenditures that could be realized by means of the smarter procurement of unplayfuls and services across the BA network within two years.Customer relationship management innovations have greatly improved business performance. The following illustrates how the use of engine room in customer relationship management can result in improvising business performance. Accenture has identified three major techniques in the customer relationship management are that many leading organizations are using in improvising their monetary performance, produce competitive benefits, and increase the demand for their products and services vigorously. As the customers bristle in number, their demands are also a never ending fiasco. In this regard every company should understand the customer behaviour very well. Their likings, behaviour, bu ying capacity, preferred delivery channels, all this should be recorded and each customer should be treated accordingly. This all has become possible with the support of learning Technology as it has become simple to accumulate the data containing these insights, but unfortunately the data has never been used to its full potential. In fact even today many organizations are lacking the integrated view of their customers.In most of the companies, all the customers are not created equally, some are more profit generating than others and some may cause losings to the company. Leading companies are emphasizing on aligning the sales and service imagings according to customers statistical data that how much contribution he has provided to the company in the essence of value and profit.Many of the marketing executives have clear understood that todays customers have a great recognition to varieties and have more challenging behaviour than ever before. Still today many marketing departm ents are following old practices of to approach and convince their targeted public. In fact, the major typical marketing companies are still lacking the advantages of engine room changes that are enhancing other business lying-ins, such as production, sales, supply chain, inventory, accounts, education, human resource etc (Alison David, 2005). The use of Technology in planning is imperative as it is a strategic tool and has to be powerfully incorporated with the overall business plan. There are various key business challenges faced by the company such as increase in production, reduce costing, raise business opportunities, regularizing the processes, streamlining collaboration between workers and wherever required, a technology or Internet-based solution these challenges should be provided (Linda Hughes). Furthermore, if a company has an ideal technology plan it will have a strong base for growth through the internet. This includes e-commerce, a new and modern way of doing bus iness that will provide another innovative way of business activities such as sales, distribution and marketing (Butler, 1993). Thus the requirement of a technology plan is immense.In todays world where internet economy is booming, the internet economy is making technology planning a critical business tool. For all the obvious benefits of technology plans, few small and growing businesses have them. However, today numerous emerging business drivers are forcing companies of all sizes, in all industries, to prepare for integrate the Internet into nearly every aspect of their daily operations due to the growing competition, increasing cost pressures and collaboration of businesses with partners. Finding and keeping good employees is becoming a strategic advantage. In a tight wear out market, a strong technology foundation provides tools for finding and keeping the best employees, a key competitive advantage. And, growing through technology can be more cost efficient than increasing staff.Increasing customer expectations is another factor as he wants to get all the facilities such as shopping, buying, banking, entertainment, news, sports etc., any time, day or night, on demand. The business should have a well equipped setup to accommodate this new pattern for continuous accessibility and instant response.The improvement in productivity has been very effective and most economists attribute this largely to technological advances. Though to enable the employees to communicate and collaborate more efficiently and to streamline all the processes the technology must be deployed very intelligently.New business models are allowing the customers to take charge as they are able to decide what information they receive, when and where to travel, even how much to pay. Technology planning can position the business to supplement this development to develop lasting customer relationships.We may conclude that technology innovation and implementation is such an advantage and choosing an appropriate hardware and package that can impeccably insert users or sustain new technologies and provided applications should be a major part of the companys long term planning.Innovative organization creation is a task of innovation itself which has been successfully undertaken by the management of British AirwaysCreating an innovative public agency is, itself, a task of innovation. Each innovative organization will be different. It will be pursuing different purposes. Or it will be pursuing them in a different organizational context, within a different policy-making environment, or within different legal constraints. There is no rule for replicating an innovation. Similarly, there is no recipe for replicating the innovative organizations mentioned here. Moreover, there may be many different ways to convert a moribund organization into an innovative one. There may well be another set of hints (that includes the hint about creating mission and goals) that may, in s ome contexts, prove equally effective. Leadership is not like physics. In physics, the acceleration of an object is always equal to the force on it divided by its mass. You cannot get different answers in physics you always get precisely the same one.ReferencesAhuja K. (2005) strategical Management. Kalyani Publishers. Calcutta.Pp 425-775Johnson, G, Scholes, K. and Whittington, R. (2008), Exploring Corporate Strategy Enhanced media edition, Harlow Prentice HallBarr, Pamela S. (2000). When Firms Change Direction. Oxford University advertizeBaraano, Anna, M., (The Non-Technological Side Of Technological Innovation State-Of-The-Art And Further Empirical look into Buhalis, D., (2004).eAirlines strategic and tactical use of ICTs in the airline industry Information Management, Volume 41, Issue 7, September 2004, Pages 805-825Foss, Nicolai J. (2005). Strategy, Economic Organization, and the Knowledge Economy The Coordination of Firms and Resources. Oxford University pressCase StudyAc centure And British Airways, Global Reach, Global Challenges, retrieved as on 3/11/2009 from http//www.accenture.com/NR/rdonlyres/A527609A-0C78-460B-A447-6D97DCCCCD51/0/british_airways.pdfGary D. Kissler, (2001). E-leadership, Organizational Dynamics, Volume 30, Issue 2, November 2001, pp. 121-133GovLeaders.org, (1997). Creating an Innovative Organization Ten Hints for Involving Frontline Workers, retrieved as on 3/12/2009 from http//govleaders.org/behn_innovation3.htmDimitrios Buhalis and mare Cristina Licata, (2002). The future eTourism intermediaries, Tourism Management, Volume 23, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-220 Kandampully, J., (2002). Innovation as the means competency of a service organisation the role of technology, knowledge and networks, European Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. 5, (1), pp. 18-26Tidd, J. Bessant, J. Pavitt, K. (1997) Managing innovation Integrating technological, market and organisational change. Chichester John Wiley and Sons

Literature Review on Risk Management

belles-lettres Review on pretend forethoughtSoftw atomic number 18 rove way (CI6113)Title Reviewing the Past Re expect written document on encounter heedAbstr act upon essay circumspection is nowadays the important query return in the m whatever critical argument argonas and industrial atomic number 18as. realize teams do non achieve their estimates marks of reducing cost and gaining much dinero without assessing trys and managing take chancess. This shape physical composition analyzes look into cover through with(p) by numerous seekes in the field of the bump counseling at heart 2000 and 2007 and describes the results of the analysis of those re expect motifs. Our goal of this paper is to inference and to justify the trend of the fortune prudence in search argonas and business atomic number 18as. thither atomic number 18 more than motions in the gamble perplexity such as endangerment compend, lay on the line sound judgment, take a chanc e mince and new(prenominal)s. This papers analysis path is starting from the go for peril identification and end with the adventure of exposureiness reckon topic. This paper provides the results what the cracks between look intoes atomic number 18. Furthermore, this paper stops briefly what the problems and trends before stratum 2000 are.IntroductionThis paper examines the results of the past research paper published from 2000 finished 2007. We focus on bump forethought and their related topics. In addition, we excessively examine the trends of the Risk heed within this period. We analyze which topic had been researched most in a particular family and which methods were hired in that course of instruction. This paper square offs publications issued by course by year and group them in each(prenominal) year. In addition, we analyze the topics which are relating to the undertake topic. We found trends of the research in a year while we were acquirement them. jibe to the past results came from publications, we dejection make sense of mind for prospective of the Risk bitagement. This paper examines the situation which brush off become in succeeding(a) consort to the study.BackgroundMany labor managers and strategic prudence are concerning about assays in long consideration strategic basic. So, we need to learn the happens. Risk is the un indis arrogateablety in the vivification cycle of the cipher. In 2003, Websters New Explorer College Dictionary defines the encounter as the possibility of adventureiness of exposure and sufferance of harm or injury. Risk stoolnot be seen without any emphasize upon it. In addition, trys can also give hopes to the successful understand. So, if bumps which cannot be seen before could be found and assessed then the proposed support leave alone be successful. unless risks found and assessed can never be avoided. It can be reduced by victimization the just about techniques or adjustm ents. round risks can be ignored without any executing. Risk may terrify to rough persons related to the go out because if it could not be uncovered, the team may unqualified in managing the confuse.According to the problems, risk way was critical issue of the project solicitude. exploreers were doing researches to reduce and manage the risks which can be encountered in a project. race in the business areas were also finding the ways how to ignore the encountered risks. both(prenominal) are finding how to control the risks. In addition, they were finding what risks can frustrate the project oversight unless they did not control the risks encountered. A risk which encounters in a year is not the same as the problem in another year.Because of the nature of project which depends on the Worlds business. As changing the nature of the business, the nature of the risks is becoming change. Furthermore, research area is also changing according to the nature of the risk. So, the r esearch trend for a year may not same as the trend of another year. To learn the research trend turmoil, we need to learn publications issued from 2000 through 2007. The next segmentation all toldow for explain the importance of our paper.Situation of the paperThere are many researches for the project management. Past research (Timothy Warrren, 2002) had done a research for the whole project management. It covered research published in side of meat from 1960 through 1999. This paper covered within the period of 2000 and 2007 intimate the topics of the risk management. We separated the research areas according to the labor Management Body of friendship (PMBOK). These are Risk ac familiarityment and Assessment, Risk Qualification, Risk Response evolution and Risk Control.Objectives of the paperThe objective of this paper is to learn the trend of the Risk Management in past research publication. We restricted the period to be knowing for each topic. This paper is intended to learn that how the risks emerged during the project time, is handled using which tools and methods. This paper intended to find the gaps between researches in each year and whole period of year 2000 and 2007.The paper well-read only risk management out of topics of project management for the period. So, the other topics can be learned like our paper. These are Communication, Cost, Procurement, Human Resource, Outsourcing, Integration, Quality, Scope and Time Management. publications reviewIn this era, many companies learn a great set apart of their jobs in project form. Tradition every withstand(predicate)y projects were principal(prenominal)ly found in the expression industry and sections of the military, but the competitiveness of the markets of today with fast-changing technology encourages almost each(prenominal) companies to adopt project management (Burke 2003). attend management is the application of knowledge, skill, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirement. objectify management is accomplished through the use of the do workes such as initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing (PMBOK guide 2000).Because of global economical pressures, upheaval in the corporate environment and market forces leading to the increasing demands and tougher contention projects have to be implemented at lesser time, cost and with fail operableities. This causes growing demands on the managements ability to forecast and act to unforeseeable events- risks.Risk is an abstract concept whose measurement is very knockout (Raftery, 1994). The Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary 5th Edition defines risk as The possibility or chance of meeting danger, suffering way out or injury. The British Standard BS 4778 defines risk as A combination of the probability, or frequency, of occurrence of a defined impale and the magnitude of the consequences of the occurrence. Risk may be expressed in a mathematical form as followsRisk = (P robability of the occurrence of a defined event) x (Consequences of the occurrence of that event)Therefore, risk management is nowadays a critical factor to successful project management.Overview of Risk Management ejection risk management is the art and science of identifying, analyzing, and responding to risk throughout the life of a project and in the best interests of meeting project objectives. (Schwalbe, 2006)Risk management has been practiced informally by everyone, with or without conscious of it, since the get over of time. Modern risk management, which had become a widely accepted management function during the period from 1955-1964 (Snider, 1991) has its roots in insurance to which it has been closely reorient for more than tether centuries (Ibid). The story of risk management has not all been positive and supports the argument that it is currently ineffective at managing surprise. In the 1960s project management was under heavy criticism for project failures receivab le to technical uncertainty, contact strategy, community opposition and project environmental impacts (Morris, 1997). A project manager may still today argue that the conk two are external project factors and outside the immediate project environment under their control (Ibid) and it may be often put on that these will be passed up the line to higher management levels (Chapman Ward, 1997).The main objectives of risk management include (Yee et al., 2001)To enable decision-making to be more dogmatic and less subjective.To provide an improved understanding of the risks facing a project by identifying risks and response scenarios.To assist in deciding which risks require imperative attention and which can be addressed later.To force management to suck that there are many possible outcomes for a project, and enamour measures should be planned for any adverse consequences.Flanagan and Norman (1993) proposed a risk management framework as shown in Fig.3.1 which depicts the elements of the risk management system risk identification, risk classification, risk analysis, risk attitude and risk response.Risk IdentificationRisk ClassificationRisk AnalysisRisk ResponseRisk Attitude persona 2.1 Risk management Framework (Source Flanagan Norman, 1993)According to (PMBOK, PMI 2000) and (Schwalbe 2006), compute Risk Management has future(a) processesRisk Management PlanningRisk IdentificationQualitative Risk AnalysisQuantitative Risk AnalysisRisk Response PlanningRisk Monitoring and ControlThe following Fig.3.2 depicts how risk management processes involved in each of the project management processInitiationPlanningExecutingControllingClosingRisk IdentificationRisk IdentificationRisk Response ControlRisk QuantificationRisk Response maturationFig 2.2 Risk Management Processes in each Project Management Process (Source Dan Brandon, 2006)Risk management will not eradicate all the risks. It will enable decision to be made explicitly which will reduce the potential effec t of certain risks. It will also assist in rational, defensible decisions regarding the allocation of risk among the parties to the project.Risk analysis is not a substitute for master key judgments and experience. On the other hand, it helps professionals to make use of the full extent of their experience and knowledge by liberating them from the necessity of making simplifying assumptions in order to produce deterministic plans and forecasts. Risk analysis is supplement to, not a substitute for professional judgments.Recent Approaches to Risk ManagementProject risk management is a topic of major current interest. It is being actively addressed by many government agencies and most of the professional project management associations almost the world, and many relevant standards are extant or being developed. Some examples from the many approaches in use include (Cooper D., Grey S., Raymond G., baby carriage P., 2005)Project Management Institute (PMI), USA (2003), Project Manageme nt Body of knowledge, Chapter 11 on risk managementAssociation for Project Management, UK (1997), PRAM take aimAS/NZS 4360 (2004), Risk Management, Standards Association of AustraliaIEC 62198 (2001), Project Risk Management cover GuidelinesOffice of Government Commerce (OGC), UK (2002), Management of Risk andTreasury jump on of Canada (2001), Integrated Risk Management FrameworkWe fill the research gap in risk management field from year 2000 to 2007.MethodologyWe pass a quantitative bibliographic study on pass document published from year 2000 to 2007. We calm paper and journals from electronic selective learningbases ACM, IEEE and ProQuest. Our objective of this paper is to find the current research trend on Risk Management by analyzing and categorizing those research document.Project Risk Management ResearchIt is the process of finding what current researchers are emphasizing in. It includes defining the current whole caboodle on project management, particularly on Risk Management articles and papers. indeed make generalized conclusion ground on collected and analyse works. This conclusion or judgment is made based on project risk management processes risk management planning, risk identification, qualitative risk analysis, quantitative risk analysis, risk response planning, risk monitoring and control (PMBOK 2000, Schwalbe 2006).Sources of dataWe collected articles and papers published in years 2000 to 2007 from these databases which are known to be rich information about project management.ACM digital LibraryACM digital library includes magazines, journals, transactions, publications by affiliated placements, SIG news letters, assemblage Proceeding Series. ACM digital library provides service for mortal, universities, libraries and corporations.We find that risk management is one of the research field in many businesses and industries. ACM includes diversity of business and industrial processes which enables us to inference the future trend in disparate handle.IEEE ExploreTo support our conclusion and get strong analytical results, we also collect articles and papers from IEEE explore which has more technical articles and papers than ACM digital library. It includes 1,682,970 online documents to be referenced.ProQuestAnother supporting database which we extracted articles and papers is ProQuest. That includes ABI/INFORM databases, dissertation and theses, and so on Data analysis from that database will be icy on our research cakeData selection from the databasesWe conduct full text search in above databases using author, title, keywords based on year. Then tasks are separated among us based on years and combined later. Papers and articles are found based on the following criteria Keywords Risk Management, Risk Identification, Risk Analysis, Risk Transfer, Risk Control, Risk Response classs 2000 to 2007 create format and research data re yieldationOutput format will be as the followingResearchersTitleDatabaseRisk Ca tegoryYear commerce CategorySub CategoryMethodThe papers and articles are attached in the appendix B.We classified each paper into circumstantial risk management processes (PMBOK 2000, Schwalbe 2006). We also analyzed which business household that each paper falls into and which specific method do they use in conducting the specified risk management Process.To get the consistent taxonomy in risk management, we identified the papers and articles into the categories guided by (PMBOK 2000, Schwalbe 2006). They areRisk Management Planning This is how businesses and industries plan and handle for risk.Risk Identification This is how businesses and industries emphasize on identification of risk throughout their governmental processes.Risk Analysis This involves how organizations conduct quantitative and qualitative risk analysis based on consume and probability/impact matrixes.Risk Response Planning This shows how organizations develop risk response strategies like how to avoid, how t o have tolerance, how to mitigate risk, how to transfer risk and so forthteraRisk Monitoring and Control This involves how organizations monitor the identified risks, new risks through out the execution of the projects.Business and industrial categories are identified as follow windEducationFinanceHealthcareInsurance info Technology possibilityE-commerceE-banking net income Business reading certificate package developmentMaritimeMarketingOrganizational ProcessPure widely distributed ResearchterrorismWe also found that information technology risk management plays a great role in modern businesses and industries because of wider role of internet and web technologies.Our analyzed data will be represented in pie chart, bar chart and line chart by analyse different categories, different risk manage processes, different years etc.Data Collection and AnalysisData CollectionWe used digital databases web site ACM, IEEE and ProQuest for scholar paper and articles and the existing search engines google and yahoo. just we are not unable to get some papers from the search engines. So, we used these to get only information which papers are determined in which databases. Using information returned from the search engines, we search the desired papers in the databases. The following chart, Fig 1 shows the state of the materials found in the three sources ACM, IEEE and ProQuest.Figure 1 Distribution of papersThere are 113 papers found in those databases. We summarized the papers found in the three sources. We categorized by the papers by using PMBOK guide. We provided the Risk Analysis, Risk Assessment, Risk Control, Risk Response and Risk Identification. The following diagrams show the results.We learned that ACM database has more papers related to the risk management as in Fig 2. Other two databases have papers. provided some papers are general for risk management. So, we discarded the papers and then we collected the more specified papers which are related to the above titles. We alert the results with some charts as shown in below figures.Figure 2 Research papers found in ACM database by categoryFigure 3 Research papers found in IEEE database by categoryFigure 4 Research papers found in ProQuest database by categoryThe above figures, Fig 2, Fig 3, Fig 4 show that the papers found in the ACM, IEEE, ProQuest database are shown by categories. Risk analysis is in the main conducted by majority of researchers. It was conducted mostly in year 2005 and 2006. Risk judicial decision and risk response research areas are fewer than other risk management process areas. Research for risk response is very rare, not fairly distributed and found in certain year.Data AnalysisThe trends of the risk analysis for the year 2000-2007 are shown in graph, Fig 5. We learned that IT project management was highest in recent 7 years.Figure 5 Trends in different business and industries within year 2000-2007Information TechnologyWe learned that there are varieties o f IT projects. We categorized it as follow. computer software DevelopmentE-BankingDisasterInformation SecurityE-Commerce lucre BusinessWhen we categorized these topics, we found that some fields are ambiguous to group them. Some fields are software performance testing and fields emerged after the development phase. We sorted these fields were in the Software Development part. We assort Networking security and other Internet security fields into the Information Security part. We create a group for the Internet Banking as a E-Banking. In the Disaster group, we put the some disasters in the Disaster parts.These disasters sometime can be seen when process some tasks in IT such as software error, hardware crash, and scathe information usages. We collected the potential security risks and group them into the Information Security group. Internet Business can be confused with E-Commerce and E-Banking. We intended the Internet Business to group the fields of the some businesses which are using Internet and make transactions via internet such as Online Registration.We found that Software Development risk analysis is most famous. In 2006, Software Development trend is the more than year 2005 and 2007. But year 2007 is not ended. So we cant make any decision for that year.Figure 6 Risk management processes in different information technology fieldsInternet Business is the second thing to be learned. But Information security is down in 2006. Internet Business is coming up.ConstructionConstruction group has the fields of which are architectural fields and wrench works. We learned that in 2000 and 2001, there are some interests upon that field. In 2001, the spin field can be seen as a hottest field.EducationWe grouped the some fields in to Education group that fields are Education fields, learning methods in Education. The research related with the Education can be seen in the year 2004 only.FinanceFinance group is wide. We formed the Finance group for some fields that are Cost Estimation, Accounting, Management Accounting and Banking. The finance is most famous in 2004. In the posteriority year, trend for the finance is running down to bottom.HealthcareWe collected the data for the healthcare. But it is difficult to collect for the healthcare. We learned that in 2005, healthcare was appropriate level. But later, we cannot see it until 2007.MarketingIn 2002 and 2005, marketing was in habitue level. In 2003 and 2006, it was high up to 2. So, we learned that marketing was the regular level.OrganizationIn the organization group, we combine the Oil Field, NASA, and some other organization-oriented fields. There are some researches for the organization in every year. There are some researches in the organization group within 2002 and 2006.TerrorismTerrorism was the new emerging fields after 9/11 problem. But later, we were not available for that field later years. This group is an exception for the risk management. But it is one thing to be considere d later.MaritimeMaritime was the individual fields. We did not combine any fields to that group. This category can be seen in only 2001.InsuranceInsurance is the same as the Maritime. We learned that that group is only one field. We learned that the field was in the 2004 and 2005. But Insurance can become an interesting topic in future. superior general In General group, we combine other fields such as some theory approves and lecture views.Before conclusion section, we intended to present the findings as summary of data collection and analysis. Risk management is the sub-set of Project management. In academic field, risk management researches are becoming increasingly. According to our analysis, risk management researches related to Information Technology are highest topic of the research filed. But one of our exceptional cases is that we need to learn many research papers from many databases. We studied only three databases and 113 research papers. If we learned more papers, we ca n get more perfect result. In this paper, we categorized only 11 fields. It is general for the risk management. To get the kick downstairs result, we also need to categorize the exact fields out of many fields. We can also categorize the risk management fields more according to the PMBOK guide.Conclusion and recommendationBusiness organization and industries suffer from befogged and harm because of poor handling in risk management. They have been stable the agonizing outcomes of failure in the form of unusual delays in project completion, with cost surpassing the budgeted cost and sometimes failed to meet quality standards and functional requirements. Competition among rivals makes the companies to deliver projects in less time and cost with cave in functionality.Risk management is a predefined and structured approach for identifying and analyzing potential risks associated with a project so that effective risk treatment can be done at the lowest cost. It is not impossible to el iminate all risk and costly to overdo risk management, but it is also inexpedient to think of eliminating risk. There will be, sometimes, positive risks those will lead to profit if properly analyzed and identified.Our term paper provides an analysis on papers and articles and conduct bibliographic study by particular risk management process and business category. Risk management researches are mostly done in mission critical environments and risky projects. As internet booms, information security and e-business issues are associated with a lot of risks. We found that majority of research papers are related to information technology in last decade. Risk in credit portfolio management, supply chain, pricing and insurance fields are also researched as they are related to financial muddled and harm.Though risk management can offer significant benefits to a project in order to reduce nasty surprises and identify and act upon opportunities, it is, however, not a panacea for the problems and surprises which befall many projects and should not be seen as the silver bullet of project management (Pavyer, 2004) as murphys Law is the governing law of project management if something can go wrong, will go wrong.As we collected from three databases, in general from ACM, our result can be a little affected by other finding and papers. Results will be slightly different as we go though several databases. Even thought we titled to 2007, we intrust that other findings and papers will come out during this year. But based on our analysis, some inferences and emerging trends can be seen.RecommendationsAs pack and management are aware of the importance of risk management processes, it would be more affective and appropriate to put more emphasis on formal and or informal education and training to further upraise their awareness of risk management. Formal education could be graduate studies in financial project management, software project management and construction project ma nagement etc. Informal education and training could be in the form of career development programs or workshops within organization or organized by academic institutions or professional seminars.Each organization should have own risk management plan, risk response plan, and kind risk factors plan. Risk management team should be formed according to project managers guidelines and organizational goals. Project manager must(prenominal) aware of current risk management trends and technological trends for long term strategic planning. Researchers on risk management should cooperate and conduct on research areas which have been done less like autonomous gene systems, spacecraft systems, information security management. vermiform appendix A. ReferenceBurke, R. (2003). Product Management. Biddles Ltd, Guildford.Brandon, D. (2006) Project Management for Modern Information Systems IRM PressCooper D., Grey S., Raymond G., Walker P., (2005) Managing Risk in Large Projects and Complex Procurem ents.Chapman, R. J., and Ward, S. (1997). Project Risk Management Processes, Techniques and Insights John Wiley Sons, Chichester, UK.Flanagan, R., and Norman, G. (1993). Risk Management and Construction, Blackwell, Oxford, UK.Pavyer, E. (2004). Evaluating Project Risk. Strategic Risk Management, Auguest 2004, 24-25Project management institute (2000). A Gide to Project Management Body of Knowledge Project management institute, 6Raftery, J. (1994). Risk Analysis in Project Management, E FN SPON, London, UK.Snider, H. W. (1991). Risk Management A Retrospective View. Risk Management April, 47-54Schwalbe, K. (2006). Information Technology Project Management. Thomson Course Technology, 425Yee, C. W., Chan, P., and Hu, G. (2001). Construction Insurance and Risk Management- A Practical Guide for Construction Professionals, The Singapore Contractors Association Ltd., Singapore.Appendix B. List of papersResearchersTitleDatabaseRisk CategoryYearBusiness CategorySub CategorySteven L. Cornford , Martin S. Feather,John C. Kelly, Timothy W. Larson, Burton Sigal,James D. KiperDesign and Development AssessmentACMRisk Assessment2000ITMary SumnerEnterprise Wide Information Man

Liability of Businesses and Customers

Liability of Businesses and CustomersWhat is a corporation? The current legislation that relate to assorted companies is known as the Companies Act 2006. This treats companies and corporations individually even though they are similar concepts. A corporation is defined as being an artificial person make by law. Corporations exist independent of human beings who are in occurrence members involved with the entity.What is a crime?This is a wrong doing that is classified by the state as being either a felony or misdemeanour. These hails take care at different crimes as maybe morally wrong and the companies dont deserve retribution. Corporate crime give the sack be defined as an nonlegal act of omission or commission, punishable by a deplorable sanction, by groups of individuals during their work as employees of a legitimate organisation.Development of Corporate LiabilityA serial of disasters in the United domain which lead to a mass deportment loss, such as the Kings Cross Fir e in November 1987, also the genus Piper Alpha oil explosion and the sinking of the Herald of Free initiative in 1991 have left a remarkable amount of model toward considering the criminal indebtedness of corporations. Several factors have affected the development of incorporate law. The procedural requirement has been changed by 2.382 of the companies act 1963 this allows different companies and organisations to be be at any stage of the law suit.Vicarious LiabilityAn employer is in charge for the acts of employees and agents where a normal worker person would be similarly liable. When seeing if a company can take the blame, you must take into consideration different terms of the things creating the offence. This will require mens rea, it can also restrict liability without imposing liability. This normally arises from offences of strict liability. This doesnt need to be intentional or recklessness just needs one or more elements in the actus reus. Corporate Liability Offences Requiring Mens ReaAs noted, companies are legal persons. They can also be criminally responsible for triples offences requiring mens rea by the application of the principle that consists of identification. Of those who represent the grounds study known as the directing mind and will imputed to the company.The star case of Tesco Supermarkets LTD v Nattress restricts the ability to apply this principle in court because of the actions that were made by the Board of Directors and perhaps otherwise people who are higher in the pecking order than officers can carry out functions of oversight and speak act as the company. Jurisdictional IssuesIt is vital that the different territorial interests are intentionally planned. Taking into consideration different domestic crimes and criminal prosecution, agencies that can and can also not be police are normally involved in investigating and prosecuting different offences and liabilities. Prosecutors should be careful of the rules and regul ations sink out in The Prosecutors Convention and use communication with any other agency that has relevance at an early stage. In respect to multiple overseas investigations and prosecutions and the judicial network play a vital procedure in the coordination of prosecutions. This includes many cases with concurrent jurisdiction between the United Kingdom and the United States which has been issued by Attorneys General of the respective jurisdictions and the Lord Advocate.Charging Companies Additional exoteric Interest Factors to be ConsideredWhere the evidence provides many different prospects of convictions, the person who is prosecuting whether a prosecution is what the public want, in relation to the case of Code for tip Prosecutors. The higher the severity of the offence committed it, the more likely it is that prosecution will be necessary. The impact of offending in other countries, not just the consequences in the UK, should be considered. The prosecutor must balance fac tors for and against prosecution. cosmos interest factors affect the decision to prosecute usually depend on the severity of the offence or the circumstances of the suspect.

Urban Waterfront Revitalization Through Landscape Approach Environmental Sciences Essay

urban Waterfront Revitalization Through decorate approaching Environmental Sciences Essayurban weeweefronts restrain heavily degraded and received bad perception from urban dwellers. There ar needs of effective urban pissfront revival meeting programs to r distributively(prenominal) a sustainable victimisation of those waterfronts. This research studies is to reachulize a beautify climb up principles into revitalization program of urban waterfront. This area in translates archival analysis to establish type of urban waterfront revitalization programs around the world and to intelligence the fiber of urban waterfront. Finally, it uses literary productions survey to identify visualise settings of grace overture. judge results of the study would allow in the types of waterfront revitalization programs, role of urban waterfront and fig consideration for waterfront adorn. They atomic number 18 expected to lead towards formalizing the urban waterfront revitaliza tion principles based on grace blast. After the introduction of the spineground problem, the proposal allow face the literature on waterfront revitalization, urban waterfront and waterfront revitalization program, and describe the research systemological analysis before graveling the expected results. This study contributes in becomeing principles for waterfront revitalization program. also adding value to existing urban assets, the proposed principles for waterfront revitalization program support the sustainable maturement agenda of the world.Keywords Landscape cuddle, urban waterfront, waterfront revitalization program.1.1 BACKGROUNDurban rivers provide whatever functions to the cities such(prenominal) as water supply, cargo shipss, biological protections and promoting for the development of the cities with its cordial, scotchal and environmental values. However, with the non planned well urbanization, the rivers amaze been maladjusted which resulting in degrada tion of urban ecosystem.River proceeds has increasely drawn attention, and match activities obtain been carried issue extensively (Holmes, 1998). urban rivers that once were the most richness element of metropolis were neglected. They were channelized and turn into big drain. The properties on its corridor turn their back to the river and the cities tried to treat river as unwanted thing.N startheless, river corridors remain as constant born(p) feature article within suburbanized ornaments, which make it more heavy option for home grounds coming back and nature preservation. The encroachments of development into this argona turn out fragmented, otiose and divided the vegetation on this corridor into small patches. These lead to substantial dismission of habitat and biodiversity in particular in urban aras.Due to the native recourses final stage in urban area, importance of rivers has become realize by city dwellers. It becomes important places for recreation and leisure period. This why in recent years, the riverfront instauration and plan initiatives have increased. There are two major issues for this development, conservation and human organism use. Most of getes for river developments have difficulties to deal with some(prenominal) of them, which they tend to choose every one. These lead to the failure of the jut out. This thesis aims to bring these issues together to inform the recital of embellish architecture.1.2 APPROACHThis research study use a set of literature addressed waterfront development around the world. The literatures have covered many perspectives such as ecological, historical, ethnic and built excogitation. Even though the literature look into provides a broad overview of waterfront development, the designs and mean of these waterfront developments have been superficial especially in ecology perspectives. Furthermore, for river corridor development, most literatures are focusing to non-urban landscapes, leaving the river corridors in urban landscape percipient for exploration.1.3 Problem statement1.4 Research examination1.4.1 Main Research Question1.4.2 sub Research Question1.5 intent AND OBJECTIVES1.5.1 GOALSRevitalize the urban river through comprehensive landscape design solutions.1.5.2 OBJECTIVESTo run across the goal can be achieved, these objectives have been derivedTo assess the literature on waterfront revitalization programs around the world.To assess the design that using landscape draw near to understand their distinctive, strengths and weaknesses.To investigates and understand of the role of urban river to the users.To formulize the design principles for urban riverfront revitalization programs.1.6 CHAPTER OUTLINEChapter one(a) introduces and contextualizes the research problems. The literature reviews are presented in Chapter Two. It examines the development of waterfronts, its design and grooming glide slopees. Chapter Three is describing the research method. It analyze the landscape arise literature to define the concepts and highlight the principles that allow for guide the development of landscape design principles for urban riverfront on Chapter Four. Chapter Five summarizes the findings of this study talk of the diligence of the principles and presents areas of further research.It is considered that the design principles here proposed will be useful for landscape architects, designers and planners in designing the waterfront. Hence, it is expected they will help designers establishing and creating sustainable waterfront that celebrating the past, enjoying the present and respecting the future of urban environment.Figure 1.1 Research design diagram1.7 crucial of study1.8 TERMINOLOGIES1.8.1 URBAN waterwayWalsh, Christopher J. et al. (2005) indicated that an urban watercourse is a erstwhile inborn waterway that flows through a heavily dwell area. Urban watercourses a lot significantly polluted payable to urban runoff and ha ve with sewer outflows.1.8.2 RIVER CORRIDORFrom Malaysian Drainage and Irrigation Department (DID) guidelines of river development (2004), river corridor is the area outside the river reserved and in 50 meters from the river-reserved boundary.1.8.3 SUSTAINABLE watercourseThe sustainable watercourse covers an important element in docket21 or so sustainable development. This is because the watercourse have capacity to contribute in increasing biodiversity and profit from development, improving and raise conditions of the areas and people who live surround it. Sustainable development elements are sparing development, social progress, conservation of resources and protection of the environment (UN Earth Summit Agenda 21, Rio de Janeiro, 1992).2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Introduction2.2 WATERFRONT REVITALIZATIONHoyle et.al (1993, 2000) said that pioneer in waterfront rehabilitation studies was Canada in premature 1970s. In his studies, he found out that focus of waterfront rehabilitati on was including wide range of development such as recreational, residential, retail, commercial, service and tourist facilities.According to him and Breen et.al (1996), the development of waterfront in America and europium has occurred since 1960s. Perspective that tent to integrate design, environmental, social and economic objectives more efficiently (Johes, 1998) was the European approach towards waterfront development in 1990s.Manning (1997) adding that no use or treatment of waterfront should be allowed to exclude recreational value that no feature or operation however mundane needs to lack an aesthetical aspect and finally that ever the demands of conserving fragile nature need not exclude people from the scene.In former(a) part of the world, the development of waterfront is relatively recent phenomenal. Lately, many countries start to open their eyes on authority of their river. South of Korea has demonstrating almost wonderful projects of river rehabilitation developm ent such as Chengyecheon River and Han River rehabilitation project. Franco (2000) states that in Brazil, there are many proposals of waterfront projects have been presented since early 1990s, unfortunately, few have been implemented. Most of them are because lack of funds and supports.Waterfront project could be divided into six categories based on Bren and Rigby (1994) studies. This categorization was used by Breen and Rigby as tool to compile a huge meter of designs. The categories are historical, residential, recreational, pagan, environmental and working waterfront. Usually, the development of waterfronts would include one or more categories in modulate to support various demands to the site. There are many cases that the waterfront project have mixed-used characteristic. For example, a project that has ecological features may be designed infused with recreation, education and trails. These multipurpose designs are to encourage the maximal use of the space.Table 2.1 shows some of the waterfront projects that have a major characteristic but have several other features abound. This categorization does seem have significant role in effecting the materials and design either. In order to use the categorizations, the heuristic devise should be taken to emphasis the major characters of each project.Table 2.1 Waterfronts, their major character and usesNo.Waterfront / CityMajor voiceUsesSource1Baltimore WaterfrontMixed usedUrban renewal cultural complex, office, residentialBreen and Rugby (1994)2Boston Waterfront diachronicPublic promenades, hotel, residentialwww.thebostonwaterfront.net3Charleston Waterfront ParkPublic officePark, pierThompson (1991)4Elbe River, DresdenOpen SpaceEntertainment, art, parkFriedrich (1998)5Elbe River, HamburgMixed usedTransportation, residentialTrelcat (2001)6Thames River, capital of the United Kingdom docklandsPublic spaceRecreation, culturalChaline 20017Thames River, capital of the United Kingdom Millennium VillageMixed useP romenades, institutions, residential, commercialBurdett (1998)8Thames River, London Millennium DomePublic spaceRecreation, culturalArnold (1998)9Potomic River, GeorgetownHistoricalresidential, office, mankind spacewww.georgetownwaterfrontpark.org10South Platte River, DanverPublic spaceindustrial landscape, parkLeccese (2001)11Puerto Madero, Buenos AiresMixed useResidential, commercial, service, open spaceSchneier Madanes (2001)12Aa River, AarhusPublic spaceSteam daylighting, trailNielsen (1998)13Yarra River, MelbourneCulturalResidential, commercial, merrimentSandercock Dovey (2002)14East River, New YorkPublic spacePromenadesFreeman 200315Meurthe River, NancyPublic spacePromenadesBruel Delmar (1998)16San Antonio River, TexasPublic spaceCommercial, hotel, entertainment, historicalPosner (1991)17Maas River, RotterdamMixed usePublic spaces, residential, officeMayer (1998)18Coal Harbour, VancouverResidentialOpen space, office, marinaQuayle (1991)19Danube River, ViennaPublic spaceDam, e cological restoration, leisureHansjakob hansjakob (1998)20Chengyecheon River, SeoulPublic spaceHistorical, commercial, entertainment, culturalwww.preservenet.com2.3 Role of urban watercourseUrban watercourse is a waterways that flowing through the populated areas. It often in bad condition and heavily degraded. Many of urban rivers have been polluted mostly by urban combat water runoff and combined sewer system.Initially, such watercourses were managed as a resource for human benefit including water supply, flood mitigation, disposal of wastewater and minimisation of disease (Walsh 2000 Paul and Meyer 2001 Morley and Karr 2002). However, this has led to the degradation of river ecological functioning, an issue that was ab initio ignored (Paul and Meyer 2001).Important factor for early settlement was water. Water transportation and construction of flood embankments have turn the water into the background of urban concerns. Most literature agree that these earlier settlements were s ettle where there were plenty water and land for food production, and there were no or exalted disaster related to water. Water management became the basis for religious and social institutions. As the region began to produce surplus food, there was a societies restructuring.Dubos (1972), a humanist, states that the urban areas are identified by evaluating their cultural practices in hostility of changes in technology. openingible scientists begin to ac friendship the water may have played a role in determining the social characteristics of urban areas (Lind, 1979).Increasing of impervious surface area modified of natural drain system and local climate changes have stressed the urban river. The increasing in impervious area make the runoff of rainfall in urban area has increase, compared to rural area. Furthermore, installations of pressure sewer, culverting and channelizing the natural river have patrimonial the water into drainage network faster. These events increase the flow velocity, reduce the time of the runoff hydrograph, increase the flow rates which finally giving a hydrological problem flooding.In term of flood mitigation, authorities who in stretch in river development have change the course of the river flow, in order to prevent localized flooding. They use engineering practices known as river channelization. These technologies including lining the riverbed and banks with concrete or other materials, divert the flow into storm drains and culverts. These changes are often bringing negative effects. It includes flooding of downstream cod to changes in the floodplain, loss of habitat for fish and other species, fragmentation of riparian and others, leading to deterioration of water quality.Fortunately, some communities have taken some movement to correct these problems. Their effort is to deal with bank erosion, due to the macroscopic amount of rainwater and using technologies such as daylighting and re-meandering. Example of self-made project of daylighting is Cheonggyecheon river restoration project.Another major problem of urban hydrology is water quality degradation. McPherson (1974) states that oil leakage and spill, mining activities, surface or streets have contaminated the urban river. Other factors in this problem are begrime erosion from construction, industrial process effluents, and combined sewer overflows, urban storm runoff, leakage from septic tanks and cesspools and contamination.As a result of pollution in urban watercourse water, many of the biological and aesthetic functions of water in urban areas cannot be fully utilized, disrespect and sometimes leading to abandoning the river from urban life itself.Litte (1990) states that there has been increasing globe concern for the protection of urban watercourse water. Numerous watercourse commissions have been establish in an effort to plan use and protection. There is reason to be optimistic about combining human use and natural environments as m any river cities are rediscovering their waterfronts and commissioning grooming studies (Kim et al., 1991).However, the effect of waterfront development projects is not always good. all development projects have environmental and economic impact, and the development of the waterfront is not an exception. every development project that will benefit some people is inevi circuit board. Social and environmental impacts of water development, a number of effects obtained are usually extends far beyond the design of the site itself. Ecologists, environmentalist and designers have difficulties to counter overall effects because of complex interaction of diverse forces.For example, current knowledge of the man made wetland ecosystem might desirable for present of time. Thus, unless the design and readying precedes by five to ten years, something unexpected situation might to develop which some with preferable effects or some are not.In the current state of the art, this group often has difficulties to convince engineers, economists, and politicians that certain developments are unwise, or spending for remedial measures because of lack of solid scientific recite or facts. Furthermore, engineers traditionally handle an urban watercourse development project. Sadly, they often ignore the social and environmental considerations in their planning process.In some cases, social scientists, landscape architects and environmentalist have been brought only after the distress (Biswas and Durie, 1971). In principle, it is expensive to fix compensation after they occur It is cheaper to take preventive measures.However, overall manakin for the planning, design and management of urban river corridors alleviate not well establish. An integrated planning that concerns every aspect regarding to urban watercourse corridors revitalization program must be develop.2.4 LAndscape approach design for waterfrontThe word landscape is a complex word appears in a wide range of scientific literature. Various authors have toughened this topic. Saltzman (2001) overview the term of landscape as notion of landscape has changed and traind over time and between the various fields of disciplines.Saltzman (2001) indicates that other disciplines has a unlike approach. For example, natural scientists are often focused on the bio forcible environment related to the interaction between species or ongoing natural processes as a landscape. Landscape architects tends to view landscape as planning tool while for archaeologists, they are more interested in the memory of landscape and its temporal aspects. An ethnologist, anthropologists, in literature or even among other disciplines, the landscape term refers for other purposes.In this study, writer defined the landscape using the concept of landscape as Elbakidze and Angelstam (2007). They interpret landscape as social interactions between biophysical landscape and human society as a central idea. In European Landscape Convention, a landscape defined asan area, as comprehend by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors (Anon. 2000b).The Elbakidze Angelstam (2007) concluded that the social-ecological systems contain elements of twain natural and cultural landscape is intertwining with each other. Landscape characters have developed by both physical and cultural factors that evolved over the years.These aspects of the landscape must to consider in extension to the biophysical environment. Therefore, to fully describing a landscape, the number of variables that representing all the dimensions of sustainability have to use (Forman et al 2003, Berkes 1995s, Anderson et al, 2005).To implementing such landscape, approach needed some changes to suit the reality. One is to include of the different perspectives from different disciplines. For example, as described by Angelstam and Richnau (2008), while woods and landscape planners and managers try to accomm odate commodity and non-commodity values in the akin management unit, conservationists often define functional conservation landscapes, and other stakeholders such as farming communities or district officials may refer to their cultural or livelihood landscapes (e.g., Innes and Hoen 2005).More important in landscape approach is to explore the resources sustainably and untraditionally. Attention has to be making in evaluate the family between human with human, human with nature and human with god.The landscape approach sometimes can be use as basic for ecological development scheme. It deals with the physical, ecological and geographical entity, integrating all human and natural patterns and process. In addition, the structure, composition and function analysis helps in forecasting the landscape dynamic. Landscape approach ultimate goal is to maximize the long-term benefits for biodiversity for sustainable development. This can be achieve by optimizing the balance between economic purposes, ecology and social.A landscape approach that considers whats happening at both the local, water body scale and at the broader regional scale is rightfully the only way to study these types of issues, Cheruvelil (2010) states. If you look at only one ecosystem in isolation, you dont see the whole picture.Wiens (2002) states that systematic analysis of conservation and restoration management for aquatic ecosystems in riverine is not a tradition. However, the complex interactions between land and water systems are getting recognition from governance policies, planning and management practices.Singer (2007) states that being a social-ecological system, the term landscape approach capture the need for applied interdisciplinary approaches. Term landscape approach also emphasizes the ecological effects of spatial patterns of ecosystem and brad spatial scales. It is including the commutation and interaction within the entire landscapes, dynamics of development and spatial hetero geneity, the enamor of spatial heterogeneity of biological and abiotic processes, and the management of spatial heterogeneity.Risser (1984) and Angelstam (2004) reflects the idea that landscapes evolve through time, as a result of being acted upon by natural forces and human beings, which underlines that landscapes forms a whole, whose natural and socio-cultural components are taken together, not respectively (Berkes et al., 2003).2.5 summary3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1 IntroductionIn order to wear research on the application of landscape for the urban waterfront more effectively and achieve desired results, the method to be used in this study is divided into two main phases. Each phase consists of research method that leads to the hookup of constructive information needed to the realization of the targeted goals chassis One will be involve mostly on the information gathering determination and review of available information while in phase angle Two, based on the date acquired, a practical guidelines shall be conjecture and analyzed.Detailed reasoning and clarification of the aforementioned methodology proposed are as per the next subchapter.3.2 PHASE ONE DEtermine and reviewVast appealingness of waterfront designs and frameworks from various literatures are collected. It is crucial to establish a good data management in order to have a full understanding of the subject and its related issues, either explicitly or holistically. The assessment of the data gathered in each project is necessary where these elements are identifiedDesign consideration of urban waterfrontProposed design be after frameworksBased on the collected data, principles of the projects are reviewed, segregated and tabulated into a table of gild-design consideration, which are open space, human use, character, ecology, accessibility, land use, management, design issues and economy. It is easier to review the quality and impact of a particular project through a list of segregated fac tors, which will be helpful for the implementation of Phase 2.3.3 PHASE TWO visualize Guideline formulationThe segregated list of design consideration from Phase 1 will be further analyzed. Each factors, its correlation, priorities and impact is review and ranked. Next, the first five best design consideration which is implemented will be selected.From the selected design consideration, their principles are outlined in another table for analysis and incorporated in the guideline formulation..3.4 LIMITATIONs3.3 PROCEDURESThe research will be divided into 5 stages as show in the figure infraStage 5Final ProductFigure 3.1 Study Approach Flow Chart4.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS4.1 Introduction4.2 Design and planning of WaterfrontThe existing frameworks and designs, which developed by government agencies, researches and private consulting firms, need to be examined and used as the base guidelines for proposed waterfront development and its design.This study applied the design concept definit ion by Lyle (1999). He give tongue to that design exercise is equals to the participation in the process of nature creatively, which means giving form to physical phenomena in every scale. The study also accepted his judgment on the difference of planning and design. Based on his judgment, planning involves administrative activities in spite of physical form shaping while design is the creative physical activity in all scale this design definition is similar to those explained by Steinitz and McHarg.Even though this thesis is aimed to discuss the design of riverfronts, it is also deals with certain part of the framework planning stage. This is due to the close relation of design issues discussed in the planning stage. Even Lyle (1999) himself declare that the design and planning are closely linked and sometimes indistinguishable.Boston, Baltimore and Toronto were among the pioneers and being the model for the waterfront issues (Penteado 2004). Since 1970s, several publications i llustrated the analysis of these cities waterfront (e.g. Breen and Rigby 1996 and Brutomesso 1993). In Toronto, for example, different frameworks, design and planning for its metropolitan waters edge were introduced (e.g. Reid 1997).Central Waterfront Planning Committee (1976) in Toronto listed the physical properties that affecting the waterfront quality. They stated that it depends on the use, history, landscape, immediacy, views, activity, contrast, drama, intimacy, sound and wildlife. The Committee to begin with focused on design, explores, and suggests the quality of the water edge form, visual quality, construct materials and construction details, and a variety of uses.Waterfront design by Ontario Ministry of Municipal affairs (1987) on the other hand addressed the following issues for designing waterfront shoreline protection, public access area, beaches, recreational boating, landscape for improving the waterfront and urban design.Royal burster on the Future of Toronto Wa terfront RCTFW (1992) proposed a framework of design principles for its waterfront which incorporated nine significant principlesClean Incentive of natural processes instead of engineering solutions jet plane Infrastructure composed of natural features and topography such as habitats, aquifers and parks companionship Relation between wildlife habitats, social communities, humans and nature.Open Maintenance and restoration of vistasAccessible Incorporation of public transitUseable Mix of public and private uses and public accessDiverse Variety of uses and programsAffordable effectual use of government resources and integration of socio economic and environmental objectives (RCTFW 1992)Attractive rightness in design to create memorable placesOut of all frameworks reviewed, these principles above were the most comprehensive context in the establishment of a waterfront. They dealt with both natural systems and integration of human needs.In contrast, Reed (1997) focused on the minimi zation of the impact to natural habitats when designing a trail along the Ontario Lake and thus came out with design guidelines. He proposed that each design should keep off most sensitive zoneBalance the effect of alternativesUse preceding disturbed areasMaintain natural processesLimit accessIncorporate habitat enhancements.Unfortunately, he failed to mention the wildlife in urban areas along the coast.Alternatively, the Metropolitan Toronto Planning Department (1994) developed a framework based on these principlesavailablenessSharing the benefitsBalanceDiversityResponsible stewardshipMany of the guidelines reviewed incorporate different principles. Another case in point is Landplan Co Ltd (1995) who proposed a framework design called generic guidelines for managing visual change in the landscape for the Toronto Waterfront. The habitual guidelines required these principles to be addressedResidentialIndustrialCommercial amateurishRuralHistoric areaCommunity characterVegetationSign age spunkHierarchy of open spacesSeveral authors combined their expertise and formulated a framework for the waterfront development in the United States. One of them was from Harvard University Design (1980). They proposed a Guideline for East Boston, which was dealing withOpen spacePublic accessOrientationViewsNeighborhood scaleActivityParkingThere was a successful case where a comprehensive guideline was developed. Torre (1989) presented a framework of waterfront project design based on these principlesHistoryClimate exceptional elementsImageAuthenticityFunctionPublic perception of needfiscal feasibilityEnvironmental approvalsConstruction technologyEffective management niftywin and Good in 1990 formulated a framework to rebuild the waterfront in a small town. The framework displayed a list of six fundamentals in the planning process. They called them the tool and technique which areWaterfront uses and activitiesLand use checker and incentivesLand acquisitionFinancing of riverfron t revitalizationChoosing and using consultantsObtaining waterfront development permitsCoolman (Breen and Rigby 1990), stated that these general issues must be addressed during the development of design guidelines chasteness and clarityCompatibility with zoningPublication and communicationTable 4.1 summarizes the information of frameworks and design presented above and others world recognized waterfront project.Table 4.1 Interpretation of concern presents in planning and design frameworks. Tick cells indicate the issues addressed by each framework.NoProject, City/LiteratureHuman useOpen SpaceCharacterEcologyAccessibilityL

Themes of Desirees Baby Essay -- essays research papers

Dsires Baby is a story of love, diagonal and rejection, a story with noble beginnings that slowly turns to reveal an uglier side of pitying relations. Armand, a wealthy landowner of the plantation LAbri in the ante-bellum southwestward of Louisiana, is confronted by a family secret that has been hidden from him, even into adulthood. The secret is lurid for its day, and its consequences run deep into the fabric of society. No one told Armand of this secret. He discovers it by chance at the end of the story, when he finds the remnants of an old letter create verb solelyy by his mother to his father, the significance of which, and its revelations, makes us focus on the many tragic and ironic decisions made by him during this story. In the old south, bloodlines ar very important to the status of a family and their social placement, so the morality of the family must be kept. This purity does not accommodate marriages of mixed race. designed this, Armand marries an old friend who h e had known since he was eight when he moved to Louisiana from France with his father after his mother had died. She was a missy of no distinction, who had no history or reputation of family name equivalent that of Armand, but despite this he fell in love as if struck by a pistol shot.(317). Others had warned Armand against marrying her, but he did not care for he was so swept away by her beauty. He was reminded that she was nameless. What did it matter about a name when he could springiness her one of the oldest and proudest in Louisiana. (316). Tragedy comes early in the marriage with the kindred of their first child. Although no one seemed to notice at first, by the sentence the child was three months old, neighbors and Armand himself noticed a change in the child. W... ...love and so easily discarded to protect his family name, were innocent of his animosity and accusations. We can exclusively imagine the heart wrenching turmoil he must abide felt at that moment. Too, wa s the undeniable fact that his father had overcome correspondent odds and accepted the love of his mother even though she was black. Armands father had escaped from tradition and its shackles to stay with the woman he loved and yet still kept the familys good name, where Armand had failed to do so. The decision of this letter reveals to the reader the deeper consequences of decisions made based on prejudice and what others may think. All that Armand had done, giving up his marriage and condemning their child, burning all that reminded him of her and the baby, cursing God for his misfortune, had all come crashing in upon him by finding a simple letter with tragic significance

Effects of Technology :: Computers Society

Effects of TechnologyThe technology which surrounds almost everyone in the forward-looking society, affects both work and leisure activities. Technology contains entropy that many would instead it did not draw. It influences minds in good and bad ways, and it allows people to share information which they would some otherwise not be able to attain. Even if a soulfulness does not own a computer or have opinion cards, there is information on a computer somewhere roughly everyone. The technology which is just now beginning to be manipulated and harnessed is change the minds of small children and adolescents in ways that could be harmful. It is affecting our immediate future. It too gives another form of communication and exchange of information which was not in stock(predicate) before, information that is both good and bad. Technology is one of the principal unprompted forces of the future it is transforming our lives and shaping our future at rates unprecedented in history, with profound implications which we shadowert even begin to see or understand. Many divergent elements affect how satisfied we are with our lives. The impact of technology on these elements can change how safe, healthy and happy people feel. Throughout history, people have looked for better ways to meet their needs and to satisfy their expectations. Technology has better the way people feed, clothe and shelter themselves. Technology has also changed other aspects of everyday life, such as health care, education, job satisfaction, and leisure season activities. People have used technology since they first chipped stone blades to meliorate their hunting. Yet some people call the current age the proficient Age because of societys dependence on technology. For the first time in valet history, almost all the goods and services people use depend on technology. The products of technology are available to almost everyone in society. The economy of a country influences how the people o f the county live. Technology is often considered the key to a nations sparing product. Most economists would say that it is one of the factors in economic growth, notwithstanding they would plausibly disagree about its importance. Many economists think that if technology sparks growth in one sector of the economy in the form of increased productivity, growth will also occur in other sectors of the economy. Jobs may be lost in one industry, such as agriculture but new jobs may emerge in other sectors of the economy.

Pornography Causes Desensitization, Aggression, and Alienation Essay

Pornography Causes Desensitization, Aggression, and Alienation A pair of commodious luscious, shapely legs extend upward until they join in perfect harmony. bright panties cover what seem to be the smallest area possible as a slim torso with shapely breasts and a slender neck lapse to a perfect face. There she is, the perfect woman, the perfect picture of lust. Yet, she is sole(prenominal) a picture, solitary(prenominal) when what unbelievable power she possesses. Any man who looks her charge will question his desires and himself. Who will resist her temptation and who will ingest in is the only question left without an answer.Pornography. Everyone seems to know what the battle cry means, that does anyone know its etymology? The graphic images associated with porno distract from any exploration of the term, plainly just like anything else smut fungus does have a history. The word pornography is derived from the Greek word pornographos, meaning writing of harlots. Despite its Greek origins, the word pornography did not show up in the English lyric poem until somewhere between 1755 and 1857. Even then its meaning referred to prostitutes and prostitution. So, when did pornography thrust from prostitution to materials that depict erotic behavior? Around the year 1975, pornography took on the meaning we accept today. Therefore, it is a fairly young phenomena, simply it has spread like wildfire through its secrecy and silence (Kendrick 1).Many mention pornography harmless, a step toward a greater sexual liberation, a way to set free the secret parts of the soul (Griffin 1). If only they knew the secret they would discover would be an addiction that has the power to last evermore Pornography grows into peoples lives leading to destruction of their marriages, families, and se... ... may be sexual freedom, but they will never truly be free. They will be a slave to their desires, their own self-satisfaction, and the tragedy of it all is that they will never be satisfied. Works Cited Bush, Rosaline. Pornography Harms Society. Pornography Opposing View Points.Ed. Carol Wekesser. San Diego Greenhaven Press, Inc. 1997. 17-27.Donnerstein, Edward, Linz, Daniel, and Penrod, Steven. The motility of Pornography. immature York The Free Press, 1987. 40-50.Expression. Websters New Collegiate Dictionary. 1974.Griffin, Susan. Pornography and Silence Cultures strike back Against Nature.New York Harper & Row, 1981. 1-20.Kendrick, Walter. The Secret Museum Pornography in Modern Culture.New York Viking, 1987. 1-10.Reisman, Judith A. Soft Porn Plays Hard Ball. Its Tragic Effects of Women, Children,& The Family. Louisiana

Does the Media Encourage Terrorism? Essay -- essays research papers f

DO THE MEDIA ENCOURAGE TERRORISMThe news media of American society does not encourage terrorism. The only thing that the media encourages is knowledge of what is loss on around the world. Unfortunately, some terrorist organizations use the news media to gain erudition for their groups causes and goals. Most of the time, the media will serve as force to gain citizen indorse for the governments actions against a terrorist movement. The only problem with having the freedom of mechanical press that the United States enjoys is that everyone has a voice.When it comes down to an American killing an American, the media is not confederate with the terrorist. In numerous cases the television and newspaper crews serve to work immediately against the militia organization. Americans do not like to see fellow citizens endure at the hands of a terrorist, especially by an American terrorist. herds grass McVeigh, probably unknowingly, helped in decreasing the number of American terrorist (Gr osscup, 117). McVeighs act, bombing the Murrah building in Oklahoma City, was seen as so repulsive that many law-abiding people attracted to militias simply walked away. The majority of Americans didnt want to be associated with anything like the killing of 168 Americans, even though McVeigh had only attended a few militia meetings. The media coverage for the bombing in 1995 gave the American semipublic the education needed to assess what was going on in the unpeaceful organizations across the United States.&n...

A Summary of the Epic of Gilgamesh :: Epic Gilgamesh essays

The larger-than-life of Gilgamesh A Summary The Epic of Gilgamesh is a moving tale of the friendship between Gilgamesh, the demigod king of Uruk, and the wild man Enkidu. Accepting ones own mortality is the overarching theme of the desperate as Gilgamesh and Enkidu find their highest purpose in the pursuit of eternal life. The heroic poem begins with Gilgamesh terrorizing the people of Uruk. They c entirely out to the sky god Anu for help. In response Anu tells the goddess of creation, Aruru, to make an equal for Gilgamesh. Thus Aruru created Enkidu, a brute with the strength of scores of wild animals. After being seduced by a tart from the tabernacle of love in Uruk, Enkidu loses his strength and wildness yet gains wisdom and understanding. The harlot offers to take him into Uruk where Gilgamesh lives, the only man worthy of Enkidus friendship. After a plan brawl the two become devoted friends. The newfound friends gradually ruin and grow lazy living in the city, so Gilga mesh proposes a striking adventure that entails cutting down a great cedar quality to build a great monument to the gods. However to accomplish this they must down the Guardian of the Cedar Forest, the great demon, Humbaba the Terrible. Enkidu, along with the elders of the city, have estimable reservations about such an undertaking but in the end Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the terrible demon. As Gilgamesh cleans himself and his blood stained weapons, Ishtar, the goddess of love and dish aerial, takes notice of his beauty and offers to become his wife. Gilgamesh refuses with insults, listing all her mortal lovers and recounting the dire fates they all met with at her hands. Ishtar is enraged at the rebuff. She returns to heaven and begs her father, Anu, to let her have the diddly-shit of enlightenment to wreak vengeance on Gilgamesh and his city. Anu reluctantly gives in, and the Bull of Heaven is sent down to terrorize the people of Uruk. Gilgamesh and Enkidu, work together t o withdraw the mighty bull. That following night Enkidu dreams that the chief gods met in a council and had obdurate that someone should be punished for the killing of Humbaba and the Bull of the Heavens. That someone is he. Enkidu commends himself to Gilgamesh, and subsequently suffering terribly for twelve days, he finally dies. After Enkidus death, Gilgamesh comes to the identification that one day he too will succumb to the aforesaid(prenominal) fate as his friend.

Shakespeares Macbeth was a Tragic Hero :: Free Macbeth Essays

Macbeth was a Tragic Hero       Macbeth exhibits most, if not every(prenominal), of the classic traits of a Shakespearian tragic hero almost flaw slightly. From his rise to groovyness to his ultimate devastation and death, he is most certainly a tragic hero.   At the pedigree of the play, Macbeth is a thane--a high-ranking vassal to the king, much like a duke. Macbeth is also an extraordinary general. Macbeth meets three witches after his victory in a great battle. The witches already know his weakest point and act upon it. Their prophecies rap into his reserve he becomes their overly-determined puppet. Ultimately, Hecates final words in scene III.5 show us the received intent of the witches   He shall spurn fate, scorn death, and bear His hopes bove, wisdom, grace, and fear And you all know security Is mortals chiefest enemy (3.5.30-33).   These lines convey us a give us a glimpse at the witches intent. Hecates words also signalize us a l ittle bit about Macbeth and his pride.   Al deoxyguanosine monophosphategh many entertain argued that Macbeths flaw was over-ambition, this author would set out to disagree. Macbeths pride ultimately was what killed him. His pride was what brought him to indicator as the witches prophesied. It fed his determination, and finally, in Act V, Macbeths final lines show this pride in full-blook at its ugliest   I will not yield, To kiss the make before young Malcolms feet, And to be baited with the rabbles cause. Though Birnam Wood be came to Dunisane, And thou opposed, being no woman born, Yet I will fork out the last. Before my body I throw my warlike shield. Lay on, Macduff And hellish be him that first cries Hold, enough (5.8.28-34).   If Macbeth had had less pride, he would likely have acted much differently. For one, he would have been more discerning of the witches and much less willing to believe the prophecies of his death. Macbeth has victories in many battles. His victories surely fill him with pride. His sea captain tells King Duncan of his victory in the following lines   As the sparrows eagles, or the vibrissa the lion. If I say sooth, I must report they were As canons overcharged with icon cracks So they doubly redoubled strokes upon the foe (1.

The Use of Metaphors in Information Systems :: Technology Computer Science

Metaphors Here, There, and Everywherepurpose for the Average JoeA metaphor can be defined as a figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is dod to designate another, then making an implicit comparison (dictionary.com). We use metaphors in our everyday speech more than most people realize. But metaphors are also vital in the field of Information Systems, especially in the design of user inter expressions. To the Average Joes of the world, or those people who have difficulty understanding the change concepts of digital storage, information transmission, and processing, metaphors provide them with relevant concepts to which they can easily bring up. Therefore, metaphors lease a significantly larger amount of the worldly population to use many of the common technologies that we take for granted today. Metaphors Right Under Our liftEvery person in that worldly population can relate to the use of metaphors in everyday speech, no matter wha t their language. It is not anomalous for soul to encounter metaphors multiple times in one day, though many times they go unnoticed even if they are honorable under our nose. These metaphorical phrases are not meant to be taken literally. For example, when someone tells you to bite the roll of tobacco, they are not requesting that you actually put a bullet in between your teeth. In fact, they are asking you to bravely face up to something unpleasant just as many soldiers were asked to clench a bullet in between their teeth (in lieu of anesthetics) to transfer the annoying of the amputation or surgery (something very unpleasant indeed) that they were about to undergo (Expressions and Sayings).You whitethorn also hear someone refer to a person as blowing their own trumpet. Again, this is not to mean that they are playing a grimace instrument, but that they are boasting about themselves, as if they were providing their own flare for their arrival (Expressions and Sayings).I f anyone were to claim that such phrases were to be taken literally, they would be puff your leg. In other words, they would be teasing you and not telling the truth. This grumpy metaphorical phrase originates in Scotland, where someone may have draw back the legs from under someone in order to put the person at a disadvantage, perhaps to rob him (Expressions and Sayings). The saying is used in a much lighter sense today, but still remains a very common metaphor.

Essay --

This essay will be comparing and distinguish 2 cartridge clips aimed at the female readership, and they are called call Magazine and cosmopolitan, with regards to their battlefront pages, means and articles, their ideals of beauty, and feminism. With this essay, we will learn the extreme differences between two magazines grouse is a Portland based independent, quarterly magazine, with a touting a tagline of a womens rightist response to pop culture. Founded in 1996, Bitch is published by Bitch Media, a non-profit multimedia governance. This magazine offers a feminist perspective and summary of social and cultural trends, current political events, as well as forms of media such as television, movies, music, books, artwork, and advertising. Bitch magazine has around 50,000 readers.Cosmopolitan is an worldwide magazine for women, and is the best-selling womens magazine for decades. The notoriously risqu magazine says it is by women for women. Also referred as Cosmo, the mag azine was published in 1886 in the join States as a family magazine, and eventually became what we know of as a womens magazine during the late 1960s. This magazine is published by a for-profit organization called Hearst Magazine and has 64 international editions. It is currently being printed in 35 languages and is being distributed in more than 100 countries. Its boasts more than 3 billion in paid circulation each and every month, and 115,000 paid subscribers. To begin with, I will be comparing the magazines front pages headlines. Cosmopolitan is ridiculously formulaic and right from the get go you can notify from a comparison of previous front page headlines. Each publicize meticulously follows the same predetermined formula. Their headlines are trashy and des... ...ncourages and instills the idea that women are amazingly great without changing themselves or suppressing their unique identities.This essay has compared and contrasted two magazines aimed at the female readersh ip, and they are called Bitch Magazine and Cosmopolitan, with regards to their front pages, content and articles, their ideals of beauty, and feminism. Cosmopolitan is a magazine that gives harmful ideas to women about their sexuality, their health and happiness, and how it is purportedly dependent upon whether or not they fit into the unrealistic beauty standards that this magazine possesses. In divergence, Bitch Magazine teaches women to love themselves and to support each early(a) no matter what. Bitch encourages women to understand that they are absolutely unadulterated just the way they are and that there is no need to smorgasbord or suppress their given identities.

jennie Finch Essay -- essays research papers

You play bid a girl used to be unmatchable of baseball games unmingled insults. Not anymore. Softball diva Jennie Finch has made it cool to not unaccompanied throw like a girl, but to run, welkin and hit like one, too. Not since Babe Ruth has a player dominated so completely from the pitching rubber and the batters box, and she even gives the yearling a run for his money in the charisma department. Jennie has similarly established something Ruth never could She is showing the boys its okay to be one of the girls. This is her story GROWING UPJennie Finch was born on September 3, 1980, in La Mirada, California. Jennies parents, Doug and Bev, already had two boys, Shane and Landon. Both passionatenessd baseball and played competitively, but it wasnt until Jennie took up the game that the family really got skillful about it.La Mirada offered organized ball on a year-round basis. Jennie joined her first league, Lil Miss T-Ball, after her one-fifth birthday. She was one of tho se kids who excelled at a number of sports, but her greatest love was always for baseball. Bev and Doug presently began channeling this passion almost exclusively into girls softball. Their daughter had profound hand-eye coordination and excellent speed. But it was her gird that opened the most eyes. During winter spend in Iowa one year, she celebrated her first snowfall by packing a snowball and literally heaving it out of sight. Jennies hometown was also close to Dodger Stadium, where the Finches had season tickets on the third-base line. Bev, the baseball nut in the family, listened to Vin Scully on a pair of headphones go she took in the action. As soon as Jennie was old enough, she began accompanying her mom to Chavez Ravine, bleeding Dodger blue and rooting for heroes like Kirk Gibson, whose dramatic homer sparked LA to a foundation Series title a few weeks after Jennies ordinal birthday.Doug did whatever he could to accelerate his daughters progress. He constructed a batting cage in the backyard, and hired a fast-pitch instructor for Jennie. Later, he transformed a small trampoline into a pitch-back she could use on evenings when he worked late.As Jennie improved, her dad immersed himself in softball and became her personal coach. By the clock she turned nine, she was playing for a 10-and-under traveling all-star team. Every weekend was spend at a different diamond somewhere in suburban Southern California. ... ...itter, smart baserunner and, of course, an overpowering pitcher. Her instincts are remarkable, too. Her mom and dad hind end share some of the credit for Jennies talent. Doug helped her develop many of her skills, while Bev passed along her feel for the game. Jennies work ethic and competitive come alive are all hers.As a pitcher, Jennie has few peers. She has five pitchesrise-ball, curveball, screwball, drop-ball and changeupand stub throw all with great control. Jennie regularly hits 70 mph on the radar gun, which from 46 feet is comparable to a Nolan Ryan fastballwith a quid more movement. One the keys to her success is the ability to deliver her changeup with the same arm speed as her hard stuff. Intimidation is another weapon. Some hitters (including a few big leaguers) are actually scared to stand in the batters box against her.Despite all of her individual pickle clippings, Jennie has always been a loyal, team-first player. Winning is her only concern on the field and in the dugout, and those she plays with respect her immensely. They also genuinely like her. Jennie can be a talk-it-up leader or a quiet foot spend who does her job. Her record as a winner speaks for itself.